A group of researchers from Osaka University developed a quadruped robot platform that can reproduce the neuromuscular dynamics of animals (Figure 1), discovering that a steady gait and experimental ...

This Review discusses the spinal neuronal changes that occur after a complete spinal cord injury (SCI) in humans. Early after an SCI, neither locomotor nor spinal reflex activity can be evoked. Once ...

Locomotion in mammals depends on central pattern generators — networks of spinal interneurons that can produce rhythmic outputs independently of any modulatory input. However, the spinal activity ...

Since experiments using animals are strictly controlled and restricted in terms of animal protection, it is difficult to study animal locomotion. So, it is still unknown how nerve systems discovered ...