In the investment world, it’s common to discuss average rates of return. It’s not sufficient, however, to simply add up historical returns and divide by how many there are. The proper way to calculate ...

The concept of constructing an investment portfolio by maximising the mean return while minimising the variance of the return was first introduced by Markowitz (1952). Instead of focusing only on the ...

In many modern sciences, data often exist on curved geometric spaces rather than flat planes, posing challenges for traditional statistical tools. These curved spaces are called Riemannian manifolds.

The authors present an elementary scheme for calculating the period of oscillation or rotation of a simple pendulum. It is based on the invariance of the complete elliptic integral of the first under ...

The formula of Mean: In statistics, "mean" is a measure of central tendency, calculated by summing up all the values in a dataset and dividing by the number of data points. The single numerical value ...

The simplest way to find the average (mean) of a set of numbers is to use the AVERAGE function. This calculation gives you the arithmetic mean, which sums up all the numbers and divides the result by ...