Cainsville is a city in eastern Harrison County, Missouri, United States. The population was 283 at the 2020 census. Cainsville had its start i…Cainsville is a city in eastern Harrison County, Missouri, United States. The population was 283 at the 2020 census. Cainsville had its start in 1854 when Peter Cain built a watermill on the site. As more workers arrived, a post office, blacksmith shop and trading post were necessarily started up, so that by 1858, a small town had developed.